The Battle of Poverty, Visibility and Availability in
Affordable Housing
DAVID POLK
The need for housing is a
worldwide phenomenon without respect to one continent or another. With more
people now living in cities and more projected to move into cities, demand
continues to surpass housing inventories in a market that now seems to be two
steps behind.1 The United States is not exempt, and can learn much
from its neighbors to the south. Latin American and Caribbean countries are the
most urban in the developing world.2 The purpose of this essay is both
to celebrate and critically question the phenomenon of “informal” housing in
South America and the Caribbean and both its positive and negative implications
on resolving the ever-growing housing deficit. By examining informal housing in
Latin America, the United States can learn from its emerging typologies and
apply a new paradigm shift to innovatively adapt a new housing model particular
to its situation.
THE LATIN AMERICAN CHALLENGE
Latin
American and Caribbean countries are the most urban in the developing world.
These countries have higher home ownership rates and average family incomes in
comparison to developing world standards. The Inter-American Development Bank
recently released an in-depth study of these trends in their publication, Room for Development: Housing Markets in
Latin America and the Caribbean. Despite the great progress made in South
America to reverse and cure their housing shortage, many of the regions’ city
inhabitants still do not have adequate housing. “Of the 130 million urban
families in the region, 5 million rely on another family for shelter, 3 million
live in houses that are beyond repair, and another 34 million live in houses
that lack either title, water, sewage, adequate flooring, or sufficient space.”3
The rate of
urbanization population growth in Latin America has frequently surpassed their
governments’ capacity and resources to provide basic infrastructure and public
services that are fundamental to the healthy growth of cities. “Latin America
is the only developing country region with high urbanization rates. The urban
population in the region totals around 470 million people and is expected to
exceed 680 million by 2050.”4
Consequently, most of the families suffering from the housing shortage are
not only the poor but also the lower middle class.
INFORMALITIES
Informal housing is
inevitable in developing regions. All of the colonized regions throughout North
and South America once began as informal housing, although not entirely for the
same reasons. The informal housing, more popularly known as favelas, in Latin
America began as a temporary solution for placing the poor as well as the huge
influx of immigrants into cities. Supply is down. Demand is up. People need a
place to live; so those displaced found land on the outskirts of town where it
was either cheap or “free” for the taking. The favelas of Sao Paulo and Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil are some of the most prominent examples of informal housing
becoming a main part of a city’s identity. I do not want to focus on the
history of favelas, rather why they are still around. The continual generation
and up cropping of favelas still today is a doubled-loaded issue that
establishes two fundamental points. First, favelas and the their counterpart interventions
actually do improve the conditions of the lifestyles of the poor. Second, that
collectively the political and socioeconomic systems currently in place are
insufficient to battle the real problems with both quantity and quality of
housing currently at hand. And these issues are not going away. The
architectural profession and governments must accept them as a reality that is
here to stay unless they proactively
change it. “The capitalist markets see housing as a commodity; while most of
those without basic housing see it as a right, a right they don’t have, because
their government has indirectly refused by not taken action to provide it.”5
This phenomenon is not a new occurrence, and is spelled out quite clearly in Beyond Shelter: Architecture and Human
Dignity.6 When the top down approach fails, the bottom up will
prevail. It comes down to survival.
TOWER OF DAVID
Anarchy
or activism? The Centro Financiero Confianzas in Caracas, Venezuela has become
an icon of urban decay and a place of solace and hope to nearly 3000 people. It
is also know as the Tower of David after the developer David Brillembourg that
began construction on the complex in 1990.7 The soaring glass and
concrete structure juts from the Caracas skyline as the third tallest building
in the country. But to this day the tower remains unfinished after construction
was halted in 1994 due to the Venezuelan financial crisis. The project with its
government’s economy collapsed. “The tower was originally part of an urban
renewal plan to privatize and modernize the center of Caracas's business
district with a gigantic glass skyscraper meant to symbolize Venezuela's
arrival at the global economic stage. The project, which was to be outfitted
with luxury apartments, a swimming pool, and even a helipad, would have been
the domain of bankers and their wealthy clients.”8
The
era of Venezuela’s attempt at global economic dominance has waned, and now more
visible than ever is their vulnerability to govern themselves, leaving the
half-built skyscraper standing as an accidental monument to financial disaster.
The complex stood vacant for more than a decade, when a group of families nearing
2500 individuals collectively staged an orderly move-in and founded an instant
vertical community in 2007.9 It
became an instant vertical favela – the tallest slum in the world.
PUSH BACK
Since then, the tower has
created a lot of buzz. The buzz from within is generated by a busy, complex
community including commerce and bodegas, a barbershop, a tattoo parlor, a
dentist office, a gym, security, taxi service for goods and the elderly on the
first 10 floors, and building managers and floor coordinators. Unfinished and
without elevators, the self-coordinating squatters rigged electricity up
through the 28th floor and aqueducts that provide water to more than
20 floors. The vibrant community looks after their elderly and out for one
another. The eclectic mix of people includes immigrants from bordering nations.
Many residents own motorcycles and some even cars. The majority are working
people: store managers, clerks, chefs, and bankers.10
The buzz from outside the
tower expresses a general public disdain and push back for the once 2500
homeless citizens. Their gripe is that they illegally took what was not theirs,
it is unsafe, and a hive of drug abuse and violence. Of course the building was
unsafe when they moved in. It sat for 13 years unfinished. With a majority of
the façade still not in place, no elevators, electricity, running water or
sewer, or handrails, I would say it is unsafe. Remarkably, the inhabitants of
the Tower of David are finishing it. Maybe not in the same luxurious manner
Brillembourg had envisioned, but they are improving its current state for a
healthier and more secure habitation. Some call this anarchy. I call it
activism and innovation.
For years the Tower of
David has stirred debate about housing shortages – more specifically the need
of 2,000,000 additional homes in Caracas alone.11 But no one has
made any move in the right direction. The government has not kicked the
families out, neither have they built alternative options for the families to
move into. Approximately 29% of families
in Venezuela currently do not have a roof to live under or inhabit poor quality
homes.12 The Tower of David is not a Kowloon. It is much more
organized, systematic, and orderly by the initiative of the inhabitants
themselves; but architects and planners do not share the same view. In a video documentary by Derek Mead,
Guillermo Barrios a professor of architecture and urbanism expresses his
feeling about the Tower of David: “Torre de David is a symbol of what has
happened with Venezuelan cities. A sad symbol. I have bad news for you. This is
not a better or nice use of an abandoned structure. In reality this is the
“anti-housing” the “anti-residence”, and the government has looked away from
the issue. It is a very violent place. It is completely outside the authority
of the law.”13 So where exactly do the displaced fit into law? Where
do they belong if it is not in unclaimed space? In your space? In my space? Or
better on the outskirts of town amongst the sprawling favelas. I completely
agree that the 3000 people in the tower are there illegally and that is not the
best solution, but I do think that it is a
solution. That is why they are all still there. Barrios may call it
“anti-housing” or “anti-residence”, but it still is a type of housing or residence. As the world’s tallest slum, it has
drawn a lot of debate and negative international attention to the Tower itself,
but the debate goes much deeper. It is more than just the Tower of David. It is
more than just the housing deficit of Caracas. It is about how we as a society
treat our poor. And it is usually based on visibility and proximity.
VISIBILITY
When
seeking to formalize or regularize housing it is usually on the basis “to
promote social inclusion and mobility.”14 Inclusion is a relative term that must be defined by the
relationship to two things – in this case formal and informal settlements. In
fewer words rich and poor. These relations then pose issues of proximity and
ultimately visibility. Are the poor visible? “Visibility can also refer to a
felt presence within its urban context.”15 Like the presence felt by
the neighboring buildings near the vertical slum in downtown Caracas. Barrios
does not simply criticize what is going on at the Tower of David, but poses a
solution. “The right path would be to relocate these families into adequate
residences adequately planned around a vision of habitat, of housing with
integrated public services. And then return that tower to its original use.
That is what is really needed here.”16 I agree. However, more often than not, the poor are treated as
nomads – constantly being relocated and pushed from one area to another in the
name of gentrification or amelioration through public works of their current
state. Often the poor are sent out to the far skirts of the city where land is
cheap or unclaimed and therefore, to them, free for the taking. This process of
exclusion renders the poor invisible as it removes them from the central core
of the city and out of the spot light. And it happens more frequently than
governments acknowledge.
Another way to render the poor invisible is to dilute them and immerse and
assimilate small quantities into the dominant society and the current inertia
and condition of the existing fabric. This method is behind the motif and
reasoning behind many of the mixed-use affordable housing projects of the
United States. Architects and planners work hard to find the right mixture and
balance of housing types to include low-income affordable housing, while not
drawing too much attention to them as to make them visible. Why not reverse it?
Why not include a few medium to upper income units into a predominantly
low-income housing project? Or would it throw off the perceived balance of
their visibility? The ideal that in order for the poor to live in cities they
must acclimate to the ways of life of the middle and upper classes is a
falsehood. Invisibility is not achieved through absorption. As for the Tower of
David, it is too close to home. It is too visible. It is too big to ignore. The
visibility and proximity of the vertical slum is half the problem. In reality
informal housing makes up 40% of all housing in Caracas.17 The
phenomenon of the Tower of David is not uncommon to the citizens. In fact,
squatters occupy 20 other buildings in the area including abandoned malls and
the Visa and Radio Continente Towers.18
The visible paradox caused
by the informal sprawl of favelas can be seen in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. It folds inward on itself. The poor are forced outward and pushed
further and further out until they climb the mountainsides and look back down
upon the city. It is retrospective. It is centrifugal and centripetal. The
informality takes on a tangible form and becomes an integral part of the city’s
identity – not too different than what the Tower of David has become for
Caracas.
CULTURAL COMPLEXTIES
A better comprehension of
the cultural complexities throughout the American continent will reveal many
valuable lessons to be learned. It requires a candid and unbiased look at who we are, what we build, and why we
build the way we do. Recent architectures in Latin America reveal a different
attitude toward urban informality.19 Some recent studies have shown
how even in Valparaiso, Chile informal housing has been accepted due to
successive earthquakes and ease of mobility.20 Also, how in Bogota,
Colombia informal housing helps to capture unforeseen land value.21 The goal for architects, urbanists,
and planners is to dig deep, discover, and embrace the paradoxes, complexities,
and intricacies of our society. It is through the innovation and creativity of
design that problems can be set and solved. Paradoxically, urban informality,
which in the second half of the 20th century was thought to
represent the failure of a nation to achieve progress at all levels, has
recently become a demonstration of success, proof that governments (and other
participants, like architects) can improve quality of the life in poor urban
areas.”22
Our internal cultural struggle
must also overcome our own pride, self-inflicted barriers, and double standards
– especially when dealing with proximity and visibility. The inherent double
standard springs forth from the seeds of our cultural complexity. We shun
informal housing, but deny people formal housing (by not providing it) or even
an arguably valiant effort to formalize housing in an unoccupied space (such as
the Tower of David). It is an ethical paradox – a Catch 22. Just because we
don’t know how to deal with our homeless or dislocated, does not mean that we
do not have to deal with them. “It doesn’t look good, but it has the seed of a
very interesting dream of how to organize life,” says Alfredo Brillembourg, an
architect and relative to David Brillembourg who launched the construction.23
As co-founder of the firm Urban–Think Tank, Brillembourg sees the settlement as
a source of valuable lessons on how to adapt broken cities to the millions who
flock to them. Alfredo is one of the few who has shown genuine interest in
helping and improving the adequacy of living in the Tower of David.
If a housing project
fails, it is most likely because we have failed to understand affordable
housing itself. Let us take a step back from the top down approach and simply
admire the efforts from the bottom up for a moment. It is almost like doing a
science experiment in elementary school where children are set to observe ants
in an acrylic case filled with dirt. Let us sit back and see how nature works. Admire
the strength and effort of the ants to turn dirt into an elaborate masterpiece
of complex tunnels. Our top-down view sees dirt as a singular collective
object. But the ants see the beauty and potential in each grain and therefore
begin sculpting. Much like those in Venezuela saw the Torre de David as an
object, the inhabitants however saw it as home for some families, each with a dry,
safe roof over top. Interestingly enough, the original plan for the complex also
planned for 600 condominiums. Not too far off, just the wrong crowd.
If our society is to
embrace the daunting reality of our housing situation, we must accept both
sides of the coin. Bjarke Ingels in the last five years has deconstructed the
way we see and experience architecture. We must take a Yes is More approach in housing as well – the “both and…not either
or.”24 This realization
may force a paradigm shift – maybe even to learn from and accept alternative
forms of architecture as informal as they might be. Robert Neuwirth’s
eye-opening book Shadow Cities: A Billion
Squatters, a New Urban World sheds light on the prevalence of informal
settlements world-wide and how we can learn from this new urban model. He
begins cleverly with a quote of invitation: “’Let the wall crumble on which
another wall is not growing.’ Cesar Vallejo”25
OUR OWN STATE OF EMERGENCY
Let us be quicker to help
than to judge. Let he without a home cast the first stone. While from a
first-world perspective in the United States, architects, planners, and policy
makers should laud the valiant efforts of their counterparts in Latin American
and Caribbean countries. Our disposition
in the United States is not too dissimilar. We too have housing hurtles and
difficulties of our own to overcome and disentangle. We must accept alternative
architectures, architectures that from the top-down we may not understand. We
need alternatives that are more inclusive, more efficient, more readily
available, and more sustainable.
Growing up in south/central Florida, I was accustomed to seasonal
displacements of populations due to hurricanes. As I grew older and better
understood my community, I began to realize that disasters typically only
emphasize current issues already occurring in housing. The housing problem was
a perennial problem, not a seasonal episode. A quick look at the numbers manifests
a housing deficit more daunting than any one profession would like to admit or
could handle single-handedly. In the United States, “the number of renters now
paying upward of 50% of their income for housing has risen by 2.5 million since
the recession [2007] and 6.7 million over the decade. The number of poor renters
is growing, but the supply of new affordable housing has dropped over the past
years.”26 While many of
our cities have grown large accommodating the large influx into more urbanized
areas, affordable housing has not followed suit quite as quickly. “39% of
working households in the Los Angeles metropolitan area spend more than half
their income on housing, 35% in the San Francisco metro area and 31% in the New
York area.”27
Each year The National Low Income Housing Coalition asks simple questions
in search of simple answers regarding the affordability of housing. In March of
2013 in the annual “Out of Reach” report they published shocking new data.
“Where in America can a low-wage worker afford a two-bedroom apartment?
Nowhere.”28
NEW TYPOLGIES & NEW PARADIGMS
“How do we meet this problem? How about with a sense
of urgency?”29 The urgency of the situation demands a call to
action. It demands the collaboration of the best minds to think differently and
best resources available to be used differently. This call to action, also
known as initiative, is precisely what the 2500 citizens did in 2007 when they
occupied the Tower of David. They took a risk. They took a risk in hope of
instant shelter. They envisioned and took action, much like the famous mayor of
Curitiba, Brazil, Jaime Lerner, did when he closed several blocks of downtown vehicular
road and transformed them into a permanent and beautiful pedestrian zone within
72 hours.30 They took the small windows of opportunity that were
given them to create something new. Call them opportunists if you must. Through
their bravery, they created a new typology. By occupying the empty tower they
created a vertical slum – a vertical favela, upward sprawl. The idea to occupy
the Tower of David was so unruly it was genius. The overwhelming urgency to
find shelter led to new, creative solutions. Why had no one in the realm of
architecture, planning, and policy thought of it first?
Actually, they did. It is called adaptive reuse.
ADAPTIVE REUSE AS SOLUTION
The idea of repurposing
buildings has been around just about as long as buildings. However, it became
common practice in the 20th century. Now, adaptive reuse marches
forward as a widespread movement within architectural practice promoting
historic preservation, creative thinking, and sustainable practice. In the last
decade, adaptive reuse projects have produced some of the most beautiful and intelligent
spaces superimposing historic layers of context and detail with modern programs
and materials. The architectural market in the United States, especially the
Pacific Northwest, thrives on repurposing buildings and adaptively reusing
them. But only for the sake of high-end, high-priced office space, condominiums
or luxury loft apartments, or museums and civic centers. Never for the poor. It
is time to reverse that trend. It is about treating class with class.
Every city has a number
of large, empty, or underutilized buildings in their portfolios and on their
balance sheets that can be converted into architectural gems. Unfortunately,
this kinetic architectural potential has only been reserved to the wealthy. Why
can we not do the same for affordable housing? Why are those making decisions
insisting in “improving” the housing situation and quality of the poor right
where they are? As if where they belong is on the invisible outskirts of town?
Or forced to be moved to a new location for the sake of gentrification – where
once again the upper class takes advantage of and enjoys the kinetic
architectural potential?
Is there a reason we
cannot make the same sustainable campaign pushing adaptive reuse for affordable
housing? More often than not, these types of projects are cheaper and faster to
complete than new construction. And people love them. It is time for a creative
awakening – a refreshed perspective that creates a new model. The solutions to
the shortage are not beyond us. They might simply be between us. Next door to
us. Along our walk to work. They are right in front of us. They are within the
buildings we have forgotten about.
Many progressive
professionals work endlessly to find new ways to face the rapid growth of urban
areas. Ellen Dunham has proposed a method to retrofit our suburbs31,
Kent Larson ways to use design to fit more people into cities.32 As
praiseworthy as they are, these solutions still require massive amounts of time,
resources, energy and financial investment – commodities that frankly we do not
have when faced with the reality of our deficit in affordable housing.
CONCLUSION - LEARNING FROM MISTAKES
Derek Mead admits that
what happened at in Caracas at The Centro Financiero Confianzas was an
accident.33 It should not have happened. But what ever happened to
learning from our mistakes? The cities we live in are urban laboratories. Let
us celebrate the vertical favela! Why not? Let us learn from it rather than
hide from it or try to hide it. The lesson learned is not to board up our
abandoned buildings and never let it happen again. The take away is quite the
opposite. It is to open the doors. Not all of them…but strategically and
legally plan to occupy empty space, neglected spaces that the greed of private
investors has maintained as pockets of ghost towns in the heart of downtowns. It
allows affordable housing access to existing infrastructure rather than
building additional infrastructure as well as affordable housing structures.
Adaptive reuse allows
architecture to meet the complex problem with a complex solution. It was the
creative efforts of the desperate that made the Torre de David an icon. Its
rich symbolism shows that the adaptation and repurposing of an abandoned space
can provide quick, adequate, affordable housing at much less of a cost to the
government than the futile efforts to build new every time. If anything, this model can help ease the
increasing pressures we face. Let us forget poverty for a moment. Let us forget
about visibility. If nothing else, the shear availability of the space should
inspire architects to consider it as an alternative architecture. The spaces
can be filled with life. Literally. They can be filled again with people,
commerce, community, conversation and laughter.
Photo Credits:
1.
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Patricio. Room for Development: Housing Markets in Latin America and the
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